·非遗百问·

76.寿山石雕的历史渊源及制作工艺特点是什么？

答：寿山石雕是传统的民间雕刻艺术，具有独立造型的寿山石雕刻品的出现至今已有 1500年的历史。南宋时，寿山石矿得到开采，经过元明清三代的发展，独立的寿山石雕产业最终形成。清代皇帝多用寿山石刻制宝玺。寿山石中以田黄石料身价最高，俗有“一两田黄三两金”之说。清代同治、光绪（1862—1908）年间，寿山石雕形成独特的风格，出现东门、西门两大流派。 

寿山石的石质、石色、石形、石纹均极丰富，晶莹滋润，品种繁多，硬度在 2.5～2.7摩尔之间，是上等雕刻彩石，具有细、结、润、腻、温、凝的特点，民间称之为“石帝”“石后”，并有“贵石而贱玉”之说。寿山石雕刻技法丰富多样，精湛圆熟，在其发展过程中广纳博采，融合了中国画和各种民间工艺的雕刻技艺与艺术的精华。其技法主要包括圆雕、印钮雕、薄意雕、镂空雕、浅浮雕、高浮雕、镶嵌雕、链雕、篆刻和微雕等。寿山石雕作品题材广泛，有人物、动物、山水、花鸟等品类。寿山石雕追求既雕又琢的艺术效果，提倡返璞归真，故以“相石”为重要环节，讲究利用石形石色，巧施工艺，以达到“天工合一”的境界。

截至目前，寿山石雕的国家级传承人有：冯久和、林亨云（已故）、陈礼忠。

Q76. What is the historical origin of Shoushan Stone Carving and its artistic characteristics?

Answer: Shoushan Stone Carving is traditional folk carving art, and it has been 1,500 years since the appearance of Shoushan Stone Carving works with independent patterns. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Shoushan quarry was mined, and the independent Shoushan Stone Carving industry was finally formed after development through Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The emperors in the Qing Dynasty used more Shoushan stones than other materials to carve their seals.

Shoushan stones are rich in terms of quality, colors, shapes and texture. The Mohs hardness of Shoushan stones is ranging 2.5 to 2.7, which makes Shoushan stone top quality ones for carving. Shoushan stones stand out with their bright colors, fine grains, exquisiteness, suppleness and silkiness, earning a reputation of “King of Stones” or “Queen of Stones”. Shoushan Stone Carving has diverse, mature techniques, which have been developed by absorbing essence in Chinese painting and various folk arts. The broad themes of Shoushan Stone Carving works cover figures, animals, mountain and rivers, flowers and birds.

As of today, the national inheritors of Shoushan Stone Carving include Feng Jiuhe, Lin Hengyun(deceased) and Chen Lizhong.

寿山石雕（福州市）

（图片来源于福建省艺术馆——省非遗中心官网）