·非遗百问·
83.莆田木雕的历史渊源及制作工艺特点是什么？
答：莆田木雕是在福建省莆田市境内生产的木雕艺术品的统称，材料以龙眼木、黄杨木、檀香木以及红木为多。莆田木雕兴于唐宋，盛于明清，素以“精微透雕”著称。据宋代《仙溪志》记载，早在唐代，佛教开始在仙游传播，境内寺庙林立，各大寺院庙宇的栋梁、屋檩、门楣及家具皆有木雕装饰。宋元时期，由于妈祖信仰盛行，神像雕刻大量问世。宋末，泉州港、枫亭港输入的产自菲律宾的紫檀、鸡翅木等，成为兴化工匠的木雕原料；红木木雕也渐盛。明代，莆田木雕形成造型简洁、明快清新的艺术风格；清代，莆田木雕进入结构考究、装饰华美、繁复厚重的发展时期。
莆田传统木雕工艺具有重要的艺术价值，主要表现在精细的工艺流程上。其传统工艺程序为：选材相木—捏泥塑稿或画初稿或打腹稿—勾轮廓线—打坯—修光—开面（脸部五官的精细刻画）—肖影（眉毛、瞳仁、双眼皮、酒窝等细部交代）—手脚（手部指掌、脚部趾踝或鞋靴的刻画）—绵花（仕女首饰插花、服饰绣花或武将头盔、铠甲的精微圆雕与平雕）—细景（山石、树木、花草、亭阁的细部刻画）—磨光—表面装饰（上蜡推光或髹漆推光或上化学漆或彩绘贴金）—配底座—配锦绣盒。莆田木雕造型优美，工艺精湛，尤以立体圆雕、精微细雕、三重透雕等传统工艺闻名于世。
截至目前，莆田木雕的国家级传承人有：方文桃、佘国平。
Q83.What are the history and the technical features of Putian Wood Carvings?
Answer: Putian Wood Carvings refer to all the wood carvings made in Putian city of Fujian. They are mainly made of Longyan wood, box wood, sandalwood and a variety of red timbers, and feature exquisite carving. This craft appears in the Tang dynasty when Buddhism was introduced to Xianyou, pushing the use of wooden carvings as decorations in many temples. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, the worship of the sea goddess Mazu greatly promoted statue carvings. In the late Song dynasty, red timbers from Philippine were imported into nearby ports. In the Ming period, the craft formed a simple and bright style, which, later in the Qing dynasty, changed into a more sophisticated and stately one.
The traditional Putian wood carving craft has extremely refined processes, namely: choosing the wood; conceiving the idea; tracing the outline; carving the rough shape; refining the shape; carefully carving the face; refining facial details like the eyebrow, dimples etc.; refining the hands and foots; refining the outfits like flowers worn by ladies or helmets of soldiers; refining scenery details like boulders, trees, pavilions ect.; polishing; surface finishing like waxing, lacquering or gilding; choosing the base; choosing the package. The Putian wooden carvings are known for elegant style and outstanding skills, especially circular engravure, miniature carving, and triple open-work carving techniques.
The current national level inheritors of Putian wood carvings are Fang Wentao and She Guoping.
莆田木雕
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